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🌊 Marine ⚠️ Venomous ⚡ Traumatogenic 🌡️ Tropical

Fine-spotted leopard whipray

Himantura tutul Borsa, Durand, Shen, Alyza, Solihin & Berrebi, 2013
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Max Length
-
Max Weight
-
Lifespan
-
Trophic Level
3.6
Depth
-
Climate
Tropical
Resilience
-
Vulnerability
72.00/100
Typical Length
-
Depth Zone
demersal

📖 Overview

Fine-spotted leopard whipray (Himantura tutul) is a ray-finned fish of the family Dasyatidae. It inhabits marine (saltwater) waters in benthic environments. With a trophic level of 3.6, it is a mid-level predator. Venomous.

Scientific Name
Himantura tutul
Authority
Borsa, Durand, Shen, Alyza, Solihin & Berrebi, 2013
Habitat
Marine
Climate
Tropical
Trophic Level
3.6
Vulnerability
72.00/100
Salinity
30–40 ppt

🐟 Physical Description

Physical description for Fine-spotted leopard whipray is currently being compiled.

🌀 Behaviour

Behavioural data for Fine-spotted leopard whipray is currently being reviewed.

🦐 Diet

aquatic invertebrates
small fish
algae
detritus

🥚 Reproduction

🐣 Oviparous 📦 Batch Spawner
Spawning Season
spring-summer
Spawn Location
Pelagic
Fertilization
External

🌍 Habitat & Distribution

Marine; demersal. Tropical West Pacific: from the coast of Tanzania, to Laccadive Sea and Indo-Malay Archipelago, including Sunda Strait area, southern coast of Java Island, the Bali Sea, eastern South China Sea and Sulu Sea (Sabah).

🌿 Ecology

Zone Preferences
🌊 Marine ⬇️ Benthic
Trophic Level
3.6±0.5

📐 Morphometrics

Length–Weight Relationship: W = 0.01023 × L3.06 (TL)

🌡️ Water Parameters & Tolerance

Salinity Range
30–40ppt

📊 Population Risk & Fisheries

Fishing Vulnerability
72.00/100
High vulnerability
Trophic Level
3.6
Predator
Climate Zone
Tropical
Described By
Borsa, Durand, Shen, Alyza, Solihin & Berrebi, 2013

⚠️ Venom Profile

Medical Warning: This species is venomous. Seek immediate medical attention if envenomated. Contact emergency services and follow first aid guidance below.
Venom Type
proteinaceous cytotoxic
Delivery
serrated caudal spine (barb)
Potency
Severe
Mortality Risk
Low
Symptom Onset
5min
Duration
24.0hrs
Antivenom
✗ Not Available
Named Toxins
phosphodiesterase 5-nucleotidase cardiotoxin peptides
Symptoms
  • intense pain
  • laceration
  • oedema
  • retained spine fragments possible
Affected Body Systems
cardiovascular muscular
First Aid
Hot water immersion. Do not remove embedded barb from chest or abdomen - medical removal only.
Medical Treatment

Wound care, imaging for retained spine, tetanus prophylaxis, antibiotic prophylaxis for marine wounds.

References: Compiled from Bhide (2018), Halstead et al. (1988) and family-specific envenomation literature

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