Short-tail stingray

📖 Overview

Adults occur offshore, on the outer shelf and uppermost slope; sometimes close inshore , in very shallow ( 0 m) depths . Found on sandy bottoms, in bays, harbors, and near rocky reefs . Often in aggregations . A study on migration shows horizontal movement of less than 25 km but shows a seasonal shift to deeper waters towards winter . Food includes fishes, bivalves, squid, and crustaceans . Ovoviviparous . Reputed to be the largest stingray in the world weighing more than 350,000 g . This species frequently raises its tail in a scorpion-like fashion when approached, but is considered more as inquisitive rather than aggressive . The barbed tail however can inflict a severe or potentially fatal wound . Sometimes caught by anglers . The monogenean Heterocotyle tokoloshei is commonly found in the gills .

🔬 Taxonomy

🐟 Physical Description

Dorsal spines (total): 0. This species is huge, plain-coloured, with a disc broad and rhombic, belly with transverse groove, tail short tapering strongly before caudal sting, thorns when present are confined to tail before sting, pectoral fin with an oblique rows of white spots dorsally; disc width ca. 1.1-1.2 times its length, very thick trunk; narrowly-rounded pectoral-fin apex; short snout, obtuse with tip barely extended and anterior margins weakly convex; small eyes with orbit length and spiracle 2.0-2.2 in snout length; broad interorbital space, up to 4 times orbit length in adults; mouth often with 5-7 oral papillae, deep labial furrows, weakly convex lower jaw; very broadly skirt-shaped nasal curtain, its margin fringed; oblique oval nostrils; smooth skin, no derml denticles, with specimens > 45 cm WD having a row of spear-shaped or starry-based thorns and tubercles on mid-line of tail before the caudal sting and the tail beyond this is covered with sharp thornlets; very broad tail depressed at the base, often shorter that width disc, often with one caudal sting, its ventral fold is short but prominent (extending to just beyond tip of sting), its dorsal fold reduced to a hard ridge; pelvic fins are rather small with narrowly-rounded apices. Colour of upper surface uniformly greyish brown and darkest on tail tip and above the eye; white inside of spiracles, pores around side of head and diagonal row of pores on each side of anterior disc; white ventrally; disc margin and undersurface of tail dusky .: other; Cross section: flattened.

🌀 Behaviour

Behavioural data for Short-tail stingray is currently being reviewed.

🦐 Diet

🥚 Reproduction

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures . Distinct pairing with embrace . During courtship, the male will hold onto the pectoral margin of a female (sometimes for hours) as she swims through the water. The male flips under the female and inserts a clasper. The male beats his tail from side to side to move the clasper backward and forward in the cloca. Copulation lasts 3-5 minutes. Males have been observed to nudge the female's abdomen during parturition. Viviparous, young born at about 36 cm WD .

🌍 Habitat & Distribution

Marine; brackish; demersal; non-migratory ; depth range 0 - 476 m , usually 0 - 200 m . Temperate; 15°C - 29°C West Pacific: antitropical; from southern Africa to New Zealand, and off Japan and Peter the Great Bay (eastern Russia).

🌿 Ecology

📐 Morphometrics

🌡️ Water Parameters & Tolerance

🛡️ Conservation Assessment

📊 Population Risk & Fisheries

⚠️ Venom Profile

References: Compiled from Bhide (2018), Halstead et al. (1988) and family-specific envenomation literature

🎣 Angling Guide

🍽️ Edibility & Flavour

"Bathytoshia Brevicaudata is an edible species."

⚡ Nutrition

Per 100g cooked - Source: USDA FoodData Central

Nutrient	Amount
Protein	21.3 g
Omega-3 (total)	362 mg

🔬 Mercury Safety

Mercury data for Short-tail stingray has not yet been assigned. Please consult FDA/EPA guidance for general seafood safety advice.

🌿 Sustainability

🔬 Full Nutritional Profile

Per 100g - Raw, per 100g - Source: USDA FoodData Central templates (generic fish average)

📊 Population Dynamics

🐠 Related Species

🔍 Similar Species

👥 Community & Contribute