Salinity Range Brackish water spans 0.5–30 ppt salinity - a range lethal to most purely marine or freshwater species. Euryhaline brackish fish tolerate these swings through rapid osmotic adjustment.

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Mangrove Nurseries Mangrove forests and estuaries serve as nursery grounds for over 80% of commercially important coastal fish species - making brackish habitats critical to global food security.

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Ion-Pump Physiology Gill ionocytes in brackish fish contain both Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and H⁺-ATPase pumps - allowing active switching between salt-secreting and salt-absorbing modes as tidal salinity fluctuates.

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Most Threatened Biome Estuaries and mangroves are among the world's most endangered ecosystems - over 35% of global mangrove cover has been lost since 1980 to development, shrimp farming, and sea-level rise.

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