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🌊 Marine Critically Endangered 🎣 Game Fish ⚠️ Venomous ⚡ Poisonous to eat 🌡️ Subtropical 🎣 Game Fish

Red steenbras

Petrus rupestris Valenciennes, 1830
Max Length
200 cm
Max Weight
80.0 kg
Lifespan
-
Trophic Level
4.5
Depth
-
Climate
Subtropical
Resilience
Low
Vulnerability
80.00/100
Typical Length
100 cm
Depth Zone
demersal

📖 Overview

Found near rocky banks in coastal waters including estuaries. Adults solitary and territorial. Feeds on octopus, crabs and fish, especially Spondyliosoma. The flesh is highly esteemed, but the liver is poisonous due to high vitamin A content which causes hypervitaminosis. Popular angling fish. Largest of the porgies.

Scientific Name
Petrus rupestris
Authority
Valenciennes, 1830
Habitat
Marine
Climate
Subtropical
Body Shape
Fusiform / normal
IUCN Status
CR
Max Length
200 cm
Max Weight
80 kg
Trophic Level
4.5
Resilience
Low
Vulnerability
80.00/100
Salinity
30–40 ppt

🔬 Taxonomy

🐟 Physical Description

Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 11; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 8. Reddish, bronzy or golden-yellow in color; young with a blotch behind dorsal fin.: fusiform / normal.

🌀 Behaviour

Behavioural data for Red steenbras is currently being reviewed.

🦐 Diet

small fish
crustaceans
cephalopods

🥚 Reproduction

Size at Maturity
57.5cm TL

🌍 Habitat & Distribution

Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range 10 - ? m. Subtropical; 28°S - 34°S Southeast Atlantic: Mossel Bay to Natal in South Africa.

🌿 Ecology

Zone Preferences
🌊 Marine 🌿 Brackish ⬇️ Benthic
Trophic Level
4.5±0.61
🧍 Solitary
Food Items

octopus, crabs and fish, especially Spondyliosoma

📐 Morphometrics

Length–Weight Relationship: W = 0.01549 × L3.04 (TL)
Max TL
200cm
Max Weight
80,000g
Dorsal Spines
11
Dorsal Rays
11
Anal Spines
3
Anal Rays
8

🌡️ Water Parameters & Tolerance

Salinity Range
30–40ppt

🛡️ Conservation Assessment

IUCN Category
Critically Endangered
Assessment Date
2024

📊 Population Risk & Fisheries

Population Resilience
Low
Minimum doubling time
Fishing Vulnerability
80.00/100
Very High vulnerability
Trophic Level
4.5
Apex / Top predator
Body Shape
Fusiform / normal
Climate Zone
Subtropical
Described By
Valenciennes, 1830

⚠️ Venom Profile

Medical Warning: This species is venomous. Seek immediate medical attention if envenomated. Contact emergency services and follow first aid guidance below.
Venom Type
proteinaceous neurotoxin
Delivery
dorsal, anal, and pelvic fin spines
Potency
Severe
Mortality Risk
Low
Symptom Onset
5min
Duration
24.0hrs
Antivenom
✗ Not Available
Named Toxins
high-molecular-weight protein (Stonustoxin analogue) acetylcholine
Symptoms
  • immediate intense pain
  • swelling
  • erythema
  • occasional nausea and weakness
Affected Body Systems
peripheral nervous system cardiovascular
First Aid
Immerse affected area in hot water (45 C, tolerable) for 30-90 minutes to denature toxin. Do not apply ice.
Medical Treatment

Analgesia; wound care; tetanus prophylaxis; severe cases may require monitoring for systemic effects.

References: Compiled from Bhide (2018), Halstead et al. (1988) and family-specific envenomation literature

🎣 Angling Guide

Difficulty
Beginner
Fight Rating
strong pulls with head-shakes
Best Seasons
spring,summer,fall
Best Time
incoming tide, dawn and dusk
Line Weight
15-30
Rod Type
medium-heavy spinning
Hook Size
2/0-5/0
Catch & Release
✓ Recommended
Best Months
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Techniques
bottom fishing popping cork soft plastics live bait
Bait & Lures
live shrimp cut mullet soft plastic paddle-tails popping corks
Recommended Tackle
  • medium-heavy 7ft spinning rod
  • 30-50 lb braid
  • fluorocarbon leader
Where to Find Them
  • grass flats
  • oyster bars
  • marsh drains
  • deeper channel edges
Tips & Tricks
Popping cork technique attracts fish from distance. Fish moving tides.
Catch & Release Tips

Use barbless hooks, minimise air exposure, and revive fish head-first in current before release.

Regulations Summary

⚠️ Slot limits protect breeding-size fish. Verify daily bag limits.

📊 Population Dynamics

Year Region Index Notes
- - -

🌐 Names & Taxonomy

Language Common Names
🇬🇧English Copper Steenbras · Good Hope steenbras · Red steenbras · Yellow Steenbras
🌍AFR Rooisteenbras
🌍CES pražman velký
🇫🇷French Denté du Cap
🇵🇹Portuguese Sargo-da-Boa-Esperança
🇷🇺Russian Жёлтый каменный зубан
🇪🇸Spanish Dentón Del Cabo · Dentón Rupestre
🇨🇳Chinese 南非強齒鯛

🗺️ Global Occurrence Map

Occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) - 2 records indexed .

Occurrence density from GBIF View GBIF records ↗

👥 Community & Contribute

Aquareap Community Observations
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View all observations for Red steenbras ↗
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