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🌊 Marine Least Concern 🌡️ Tropical

Palemargin grouper

Epinephelus bontoides Bleeker, 1855
Max Length
30 cm
Max Weight
-
Lifespan
-
Trophic Level
3.7
Depth
0–30 m
Climate
Tropical
Resilience
Medium
Vulnerability
32.00/100
Typical Length
-
Depth Zone
reef

📖 Overview

Found on mud or rocky or cobble bottoms . The species appears to be one of the rarest groupers in the Indo-Pacific region, nothing has been published on its biology. Solitary (Ref 90102).

Scientific Name
Epinephelus bontoides
Authority
Bleeker, 1855
Habitat
Marine
Climate
Tropical
Body Shape
Fusiform / normal
IUCN Status
LC
Max Length
30 cm
Depth Range
0–30 m
Latitude
11°S – 23°N
Trophic Level
3.7
Resilience
Medium
Vulnerability
32.00/100
Salinity
30–40 ppt

🐟 Physical Description

Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 17; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 8. Characterized by grey brown color with scattered reddish brown to black spots; narrow pale margins on dark grey fins; body scales ctenoid, except cycloid scales dorsally and ventrally; body with auxiliary scales; greatest depth of body 2.8-3.2 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins, 1.9-2.3 in head length ; head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; interorbital area flat to slightly convex, almost straight dorsal head profile; rounded preopercle, finely serrate, ventral serrae slightly enlarged; straight upper edge of operculum; maxilla reaches past rear edge of eye; 2 or 3 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw .: fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.

🌀 Behaviour

Behavioural data for Palemargin grouper is currently being reviewed.

🦐 Diet

aquatic invertebrates
small fish
algae
detritus

🥚 Reproduction

🐣 Oviparous 📦 Batch Spawner
Spawning Season
spring-summer
Spawn Location
Pelagic
Fertilization
External

🌍 Habitat & Distribution

Marine; reef-associated; depth range 0 - 30 m . Tropical; 23°N - 11°S, 120°E - 154°E

🌿 Ecology

Zone Preferences
🌊 Marine 🪸 Reef Associated
Trophic Level
3.7±0.6
🧍 Solitary

📐 Morphometrics

Length–Weight Relationship: W = 0.01148 × L3.04 (TL)
Max TL
30cm
Dorsal Spines
11
Dorsal Rays
17
Anal Spines
3
Anal Rays
8

🌡️ Water Parameters & Tolerance

Salinity Range
30–40ppt

🛡️ Conservation Assessment

IUCN Category
Least Concern
Assessment Date
2016

📊 Population Risk & Fisheries

Population Resilience
Medium
Minimum doubling time
Fishing Vulnerability
32.00/100
Low vulnerability
Trophic Level
3.7
Predator
Body Shape
Fusiform / normal
Climate Zone
Tropical
Latitude Range
23°N – 11°S
Described By
Bleeker, 1855

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